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Journal of the ICRU 2007 7(2):49-81; doi:10.1093/jicru/ndm027
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© International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements 2007

4 DOSIMETRY

The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below.

4.1 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

Absorbed-dose determination must be accurate and reproducible as tumor-control and normal-tissue complication probabilities are steep functions of absorbed dose. Dosimetry techniques at any facility must be consistent with those at other facilities if clinical data are to be compared. At the level of one standard deviation (1 SD), relative accuracy of 3 percent is desirable, although 5 percent is often accepted, while relative precision (reproducibility) of 2 percent is required. If the latter cannot be achieved in clinical practice, the cause should be investigated. The determination of range is an important issue in proton therapy and is addressed in Sections 4.7 and 4.8.

The specifications for the design of a dosimeter depend on the requirements for:

  1. the accuracy of the absorbed-dose determination;
  2. the . . . [Full Text of this Article]

4.2 REFERENCE DOSIMETRY WITH A FARADAY CUP

4.3 REFERENCE DOSIMETRY WITH A CALORIMETER

4.4 REFERENCE DOSIMETRY WITH IONIZATION CHAMBERS HAVING 60Co CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS

4.4.1 ICRU proton dosimetry protocol (ICRU 59)
4.4.1.1 Physical quantities for ICRU 59
4.4.2 IAEA proton dosimetry code of practice (TRS 398)
4.4.2.1 Physical quantities for TRS 398
4.4.3 Considerations concerning dry and humid air
4.4.4 The value of w/e in air for proton beams
4.4.4.1 Definitions
4.4.4.2 Determination of the w(E) value
4.4.5 Comparison of proton dosimetry protocols
4.4.6 Relation between absorbed dose to water and air-kerma calibration coefficients
4.5 REFERENCE DOSIMETRY FOR SCANNED BEAMS

4.6 IONIZATION-CHAMBER DOSIMETRY COMPARISONS

4.7 BEAM MONITORING

4.7.1 Ionization chambers
4.7.2 Position and dose uniformity
4.7.3 Considerations for scanned beams
4.7.4 Secondary-emission monitors
4.7.5 Range/energy measurements
4.8 RELATIVE DOSIMETRY

4.8.1 Phantom materials
4.8.2 Detectors for dose-distribution measurements
4.8.2.1 Single ionization chambers
4.8.2.2 Silicon diodes
4.8.2.3 Radiographic films
4.8.2.4 Alanine
4.8.2.5 Other detectors
4.8.3 Determination of dose distributions
4.8.3.1 Range and depth–dose characteristics
4.8.3.2 Beam profiles and penumbrae

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