Skip Navigation

Journal of the ICRU 2007 7(2):189-210; doi:10.1093/jicru/ndm034
This Article
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to My Personal Archive
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Google Scholar
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
 Add to CiteULike   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us  
What's this?

© International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements 2007

This article appears in the following Journal of the ICRU issue: Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Proton-Beam Therapy [View the issue table of contents]

REFERENCES



References

  1. AAPM. American Association of Physicists in Medicine: Task Group 18. In: Protocol for Neutron Beam Dosimetry (1980) New York: American Association of Physicists in Medicine. AAPM Report No. 7.

  2. AAPM. American Association of Physicists in Medicine. ‘A protocol for the determination of absorbed dose from high-energy photon and electron beams. Med. Phys (1983) 10:741–771.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  3. AAPM. American Association of Physicists in Medicine: Task Group 20. Protocol for Heavy Charged-Particle Therapy Beam Dosimetry (1986) New York: American Association of Physicists in Medicine. AAPM Report No. 16.

  4. Agosteo S., Birattari C., Caravaggio M., Silari M., Tosi G. Secondary neutron and photon dose in proton therapy. Radiother. Oncol (1998) 48:293–305.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  5. Greene F. L., Page D. L., Fleming I. D., Fritz A. G., Balch C. M., Haller D. G., Morrow M. AJCC. American Joint Committee on Cancer. In: Cancer Staging Manual (2002) 6th edn. New York: Springer.

  6. Almond P. R., Smathers J. B. Physics intercomparisons for neutron radiation therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (1977) 3:169–176.[ISI][Medline]

  7. Amaldi U., Arduini G., Cambrai R., Campi D., Gerardi F., Gramatica R., Leone R., Manfredi G., Ninis M., Petrucci G., Rossi S., Sangaletti L., Silari M., Tosi G., Vecchi L., Weiss M. A hospital-based hadrontherapy facility for Italy. In: Hadrontherapy in Oncology—Amaldi U., Larsson B., eds. (1994) Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V. 329–339.

  8. Amerio S., Boriano A., Bourhaleb F., Cirio R., Donetti M., Fidanzio A., Garelli E., Giordanengo S., Madon E., Marchetto F., Nastasi U., Peroni C., Piermattei A., Sanz Freire C. J., Sardo A., Trevisiol E. Dosimetric characterization of a large area pixel-segmented ionization chamber. Med. Phys (2004) 31:414–420.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  9. Ando K., Koike S., Kawachi K., Hiraoka T., Ohara H., Yokota M., Inada T., Hirokawa Y., Sato S., Eguchi K. Relative biological effectiveness of the therapeutic proton beams at NIRS and Tsukuba University. Nippon Acta Radiologica (1985) 45:531–535. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi.[Medline]

  10. Andreo P. Absorbed dose beam quality factors for the dosimetry of high-energy photon beams. Phys. Med. Biol (1992) 37:2189–2211.[CrossRef][ISI]

  11. Andreo P. Role of the IAEA codes of practice in the radiation dosimetry chain. In: Proc. Int. Symp. on Standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimetry (2002) Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 21–33. IAEA-CN-96.

  12. Andreo P., Nahum A., Brahme A. Chamber-dependent wall correction factors in dosimetry. Phys. Med. Biol (1986) 31:1189–1199.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  13. Archambeau J. O., Bennett G. W., Levine G. S., Cowen R., Akanuma A. Proton radiation therapy. Radiology (1974) 110:445–457.[ISI][Medline]

  14. Attix F. H. Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry (1986) New York: John Wiley.

  15. Austin-Seymour M., Kalet I., McDonald J., Kromhout-Schiro S., Jacky J., Hummel S., Unger J. Three dimensional planning target volumes: A model and a software tool. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (1995) 33:1073–1080.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  16. Bacher R., Blattmann H., Boehringer T., Coray A., Egger E., Pedroni E., Phillips M., Scheib S. Development and first results of discrete dynamic spot scanning with protons. (1989) Proc. Int. Heavy Particle Therapy Workshop (PTCOG/EORTC/ECNEU). Villigen, Switzerland: Paul Scherrer Institute. 9–12. PSI Report No. 69.

  17. Balter J. M., Ten Haken R. K., Lamm K. L. Treatment setup verification. In: Teletherapy: Present and Future—Mackie T. R., Palta J. R., eds. (1996) Madison, WI: Advanced Medical Publishing. 471–493.

  18. Bartolotta A., Indovina P. L., Onori S., Rosati A. Dosimetry for Cobalt-60 gamma rays with alanine. Radiat. Prot. Dosim (1984) 9:277–281.[Abstract]

  19. Bartolotta A., Onori S., Pantaloni M. Alanine EPR dosimetry as a traveling dosimetric system for intercomparison purposes. Radiat. Phys. Chem (1990) 35:708–712.

  20. Bartolotta A., Fattibene P., Onori S., Pantaloni M., Petetti E. Sources of uncertainty in therapy level alanine dosimetry. Appl. Radiat. Isot (1993) 44:13–17.[CrossRef][ISI]

  21. Baumert B. G., Lomax A. J., Miltchev V., Davis J. B. A comparison of dose distributions of proton and photon beams in stereotactic conformal radiotherapy of brain lesions. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (2001) 29:1439–1449.

  22. Baumert B. G., Norton I. A., Lomax A. J., Davis J. B. Dose conformation of intensity-modulated stereotactic photon beams, proton beams, and intensity-modulated proton beams for intracranial lesions. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (2004) 60:1314–1324.[ISI][Medline]

  23. Beckham W. A., Keall P. J., Siebers J. V. A fluence-convolution method to calculate radiation therapy dose distributions that incorporate random set-up error. Phys. Med. Biol. (2002) 47:3465–3473.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  24. Beeckman W., Jongen Y., Laisne A., Lannoye G. Preliminary design of a reduced-cost proton therapy facility using a compact high field isochronous cyclotron. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res (1991) B56/57:1201–1204.

  25. Belli M., Cera F., Cherubini R., Haque A. M. I., Ianzini F., Moschini G., Sapora O., Simone G., Tabocchini M. A., Tivero P. Inactivation and mutation induction in V79 cells by low energy protons: re-evaluation of the results at the LNL facility. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. (1993) 63:331–337.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  26. Bettega D., Calzolari P., Chauvel P., Courdi A., Herault J., Iborra N., Marchesini R., Massariello P., Poli G. L., Tallone L. Radiobiological studies on the 65 MeV therapeutic proton beam at Nice using human tumour cells. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. (2000) 76:1297–1303.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  27. Bichsel H. Calculated Bragg curves for ionization chambers of different shapes. Med. Phys (1995) 22:1721–1726.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  28. Bilski P., Budzanowski M., Hoffmann W., Molokanov A., Olko P., Waligórski M. P. R. Investigation of efficiency of thermoluminescence detectors for particle therapy beams. Radiat. Prot. Dosim (1997) 70:501–504.[Abstract]

  29. Binns P. J., Hough J. H. Secondary dose exposures during 200 MeV proton therapy. Radiat. Prot. Dosim (1997) 70:441–444.[Abstract]

  30. Binns P. J., Hough J. H., Jones D. T. L., Schreuder A. N. Microdose Spectra for Protons of Different LET. In: NAC Annual Report, NAC/AR/93–01 (1993) Faure, South Africa: National Accelerator Centre. 88.

  31. BIPM. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. In: Recommendation R(I)-1, page R(I) 15 in BIPM Com. Cons. Étalons Mes. Ray. Ionisants (1981) Paris, France: Offilib. (Section I) 6.

  32. BIPM. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. In: The International System of Units (SI) (2006) France: BIPM, Pavillon de Breteuil, Sèvres Cedex.

  33. Björk P., Knöös T., Nilsson P. Comparative dosimetry of diode and diamond detectors in electron beams for intraoperative radiation therapy. Med. Phys (2000) 27:2580–2588.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  34. Blomquist E., Russell K. R., Stenerlöw B., Montelius A., Grusell E., Carlsson J. Relative biological effectiveness of intermediate energy protons. Comparisons with 60Co gamma-radiation using two cell lines. Radiother. Oncol (1993) 28:44–51.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  35. Blosser H., Johnson D., Lawton D., Ronningen R., Burleigh R., Gottschalk B. Preliminary Design Study Exploring Building Features Required for a Proton Therapy Facility for Ontario Cancer Institute (1991) East Lansing, MI: National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University. Report MSUCL 76a.

  36. Blosser H. G., Gelbke G. K., Lawton D., Marti F., Vincent J., York R. C., Zeller A. Proposal to Construct a 250 MeV Superconducting Isochronous Cyclotron to Serve as an Advanced Cancer Treatment Facility and as a Manufacturing Prototype for Commercial Productions of such Cyclotrons (1993) East Lansing, MI: National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory, Michigan State University. Report MSUCL-874.

  37. Boag J. W. Ionization Chambers. In: Radiation Dosimetry—Attix F. H., Roesch W. C., eds. (1966) Vol. II. New York: Academic Press. 1–72.

  38. Boag J. W., Wilson T. The saturation curve at high ionization intensity. Br. J. Appl. Phys (1952) 3:222–229.[CrossRef]

  39. Bolsi A., Fogliata A., Cozzi L. Radiotherapy of small intracranial tumours with different advanced techniques using photon and proton beams: a treatment planning study. Radiother. Oncol (2003) 68:1–14.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  40. Bonnett D. E. Current developments in proton therapy: A review. Phys. Med. Biol (1993) 38:1371–1392.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  41. Boon S. N. Dosimetry and quality control of scanning proton beams. (1998) The Netherlands: Rijksuniversteit Groningen. Doctoral Thesis, Mathematics and Natural Sciences.

  42. Boon S. N., van Luijk P., Schippers J. M., Meertens H., Denis J. M., Vynckier S., Medin J., Grusell E. Fast 2D phantom dosimetry for scanning proton beams. Med. Phys (1998) 25:464–475.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  43. Boon S. N., van Luijk P., Böhringer T., Coray A., Lomax A., Pedroni E., Schaffner B., Schippers J. M. Performance of a fluorescent screen and CCD camera as a two-dimensional dosimetry system for dynamic treatment techniques. Med. Phys. (2000) 27:2198–2208.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  44. Bortfeld T. Physical optimization. In: Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy: The State of the Art—Palta J. R., Mackie T. R., eds. (2003) Madison, WI: Medical Physics Publishing.

  45. Bortfeld T., Jokivarsi K., Goitein M., Kung J., Jiang S. B. Effects of intra-fraction motion on IMRT dose delivery: Statistical analysis and simulation. Phys. Med. Biol (2002) 47:2203–2220.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  46. Bortfeld T., Trofimov A., Shipley W. U., Chan W. F. A., Adams J., DeLaney T. F., Kooy H., Küfer K.-H., Monz M. Advances in comparative proton therapy treatment planning at NPTC in Boston. Proc. ESTRO (2004) 23:S122.

  47. Boutillon M. Values of g for photon energies (1987) Paris, France: Comité Consultatif pour les Étalons de Measures des Rayonnements Ionisants, Offilib. CCEMRI, Offilib Report (I) 85–18.

  48. Boutillon M. Gap correction for the calorimetric measurement of absorbed dose in graphite with a 60Co beam. Phys. Med. Biol (1989) 34:1809–1821.[CrossRef][ISI]

  49. Boutillon M., Perroche-Roux A. M. Re-evaluation of the W value for electrons in dry air. Phys. Med. Biol (1987) 32:213–219.[CrossRef][ISI]

  50. Boyd T. J., Crandall K. R., Hamm R. W., Hansborough L. D., Hoeberling R. F., Jameson R. A., Knapp E. A., Mueller D. W., Potter J. M., Stokes R. H., Stovall J. E., Sturgess R. G., Swenson D. A., Tallerico P. J., Wangler T. P., Wilkerson L. C. The PIGMI linear accelerator technology. In: Pion and Heavy Ion Radiotherapy: Pre-Clinical and Clinical Studies—Skarsgard L. D., ed. (1982) New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc. 3–22.

  51. Bradshaw W. W., Cadena D. G. Jr., Crawford G. W., Spetzler H. A.W. The use of alanine as a solid dosimeter. Radiat. Res (1962) 17:11–21.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  52. Brahme A. Dosimetric precision requirements in radiation therapy. Acta Radiol. Oncol. (1984) 23:379–391.[ISI][Medline]

  53. Brahme A., Källman P., Lind B. K. Optimization of proton and heavy ion therapy using an adaptive inversion algorithm. Radiother. Oncol. (1989) 15:189–197.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  54. Brede H. J., Hecker O., Selbach H. J. Measurement principles and experimental setup for determining the heat defect of water for high-energy protons, deuterons and alpha particles. In: Proc. NPL Calorimetry Workshop (1994) Teddington, UK: National Physical Laboratory.

  55. Brede H. J., Hecker O., Hollnagel R. Measurement of the heat defect in water and A-150 plastic for high-energy protons, deuterons, and alpha particles. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. (1997) 70:505–508.[Abstract]

  56. Brede H. J., Heinemann E., Binns P. J., Langen K. M., Jones D. T. L., Schreuder A. N. Water calorimetry and ionization chamber dosimetry in the proton therapy beam. In: National Accelerator Annual Report, March 1999 (1999) Faure, South Africa: National Accelerator Centre. 123–124.

  57. Brede H. J., Hecker O., Hollnagel R. An absorbed dose to water calorimeter for collimated radiation fields. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res (2000) A455:721–732.[CrossRef]

  58. Brede H. J., Greif K-D., Hecker O., Heeg P., Heese J., Jones D. T. L., Kluge H., Schardt D. Absorbed dose to water determination with ionization chamber dosimetry and calorimetry in restricted neutron, photon, proton and heavy-ion radiation fields. Phys. Med. Biol (2006) 51:3667–3682.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  59. Breuer H., Smit B. J. Proton Therapy and Radiosurgery (2000) Berlin: Springer-Verlag.

  60. Broerse J. J., Coppola M., Burger G. A European Neutron Dosimetry Intercomparison Project (ENDIP): Results and Evaluation (1978) Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. EUR 6004 EN.

  61. Broerse J. J., Mijnheer B. J., Eenma J., Wootton P. Dosimetry intercomparisons and protocols for therapeutic applications of fast neutron beams. In: High LET Radiations in Clinical Radiotherapy—Barendsen G. W., Broerse J. J., Breur K., eds. (1979) Oxford: Pergamon Press. 117–123.

  62. Broerse J. J., Mijnheer B. J., Williams J. R. European protocol for neutron dosimetry for external beam therapy. European Neutron Dosimetry Group (ECNEU). Br. J. Radiol. (1981) 54:882–898.[ISI][Medline]

  63. Brusasco C., Cattai A., Cirio R., Dellacasa G., Donetti M., Isoardi P., Marchetto F., Peroni C, Rolando V., Ruspa M., Solano A., Zambernardi C. Strip ionization chambers as 3-D detector for hadron therapy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. (1997) A389:499–512.[CrossRef]

  64. Brusasco C., Voss B., Schardt D., Krämer M., Kraft G. A dosimetry system for fast measurement of 3D depth-dose profiles in charged-particle tumor therapy with scanning techniques. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. (2000) B168:578–592.[CrossRef]

  65. Bucciolini M., Cuttone G., Egger E., Guasti A., Mazzocchi S., Raffaele L., Sabini M. G. A comparison of the TLD-100 response to 60Co beam and 62 MeV protons. Phys. Med (1999) XV:71–77.

  66. Bucciolini M., Cuttone G., Guasti A., Lo Nigro S., Mazzocchi S., Raffaele L., Sabini M. G., Kacperek A., Egger E. Check on the use of thermoluminescence detectors for proton dose distribution measurements. Phys. Med (2000) XVI:117–120.

  67. Bucciolini M., Banci Buonamici F., Mazzocchi S., De Angelis C., Onori S., Cirrone G. A. P. Diamond detector versus silicon diode and ion chamber in photon beams of different energy and field size. Med. Phys (2003) 30:2149–2154.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  68. Bush D. A., Slater J. D., Shin B. B., Cheek G., Miller D. W., Slater J. M. Hypofractionated proton beam radiotherapy for stage I lung cancer. Chest (2004) a 126:1198–1203.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  69. Bush D. A., Hillebrand D. J., Slater J. M., Slater J. D. High-dose proton beam radiotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary results of a phase II trial. Gastroenterol. (2004) b 127(Suppl. 1):S189–S193.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  70. Butson M. J., Cheung T., Yu P. K. N. Radiochromic film dosimetry in water phantoms. Phys. Med. Biol (2001) 46:N27–N31.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  71. Cambria R., Hérault J., Brassart N., Silari M., Chauvel P. Proton beam dosimetry: A comparison between the Faraday cup and an ionization chamber. Phys. Med. Biol. (1997) 42:1185–1196.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  72. Carlsson C. A., Carlsson G. A. Proton dosimetry: measurement of depth doses from 185-MeV protons by means of thermoluminescent LiF. Radiat. Res (1970) 42:207–219.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  73. Case J. A., von Goeler F., Rabin M. S. Z., Wagner M. Effects of detector geometry and sensitivity on the shape of the Bragg peak. Proton Therapy Co-Operative Group Meeting (1994) Cambridge, MA.

  74. Castro J. R., Quivey J. M., Lyman J. T., Chen G. T. Y., Phillips T. L., Tobias C. A., Alpen E. L. Current status of clinical particle radiotherapy at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Cancer (1980) 46:633–641.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  75. Caumes J., Ostrowski A., Steinschaden K., Mancaux M., Cance M., Simeon J. P., Sabattier R., Breteau N. Direct calibration of ionization chambers with a TE calorimeter at the Orleans cyclotron neutron facility. Strahlenther. (1984) 160:127–128.

  76. CCEMRI. Comité Consultatif pour les Étalons de Mesures des Rayonnements Ionisants (Section I). In: Correction d'Humidité (1977) France: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres. CCEMRI R(I)-30.

  77. CCEMRI. Comité Consultatif pour les Étalons de Mesures des Rayonnements Ionisants (Section I). In: Effect of a change of stopping-power values on the W values recommended by ICRU for electrons in dry air. (1985) France: Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Sèvres. CCEMRI (I)/85–8.

  78. Cella L., Lomax A., Miralbell R. Potential role of intensity modulated proton beams in prostate cancer radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (2001) 49:217–223.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  79. Censor Y. Mathematical optimization for the inverse problem of intensity-modulated radiation therapy. In: Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy: The State of the Art—Palta J. R., Mackie T. R., eds. (2003) Madison, WI: Medical Physics Publishing.

  80. Chadwick M. B., Jones D. T. L., Arendse G. J., Cowley A. A., Richter W. A., Lawrie J. J., Newman R. T., Pilcher J. V., Smit F. D., Steyn G. F., Koen J. W., Stander J. A. Nuclear interaction cross sections for proton radiotherapy. Nucl. Phys (1999) A654:1051c–1057c.[CrossRef]

  81. Chandna S., Dwarakanath B. S., Khaitan D., Lazar Mathew T., Jain V. Low-dose radiation hypersensitivity in human tumor cell lines: Effects of cell-cell contact and nutritional deprivation. Radiat. Res (2002) 157:516–525.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  82. Chapman P. H., Ogilvy C. S., Butler W. E. A new stereotactic alignment system for charged particle radiosurgery at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory, Boston. In: Stereotactictic Radiosurgery—Alexander E. III, Loeffler J. S., Lunsford L. D., eds. (1993) New York: McGraw-Hill. 105–108.

  83. Char D. H., Quivey J. M., Castro J. R., Kroll S., Phillips T. Helium ions versus iodine 125 brachytherapy in the management of uveal melanoma. A prospective, randomized, dynamically balanced trial. Ophthalmology (1993) 100:1547–1554.[ISI][Medline]

  84. Charpak G. Evolution of the automatic spark chambers. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci (1970) 20:195–254.[CrossRef]

  85. Chauvenet B., Baltès D., Delaunay F. Comparison of graphite-to-water absorbed-dose transfers for 60Co photon beams using ionometry and Fricke dosimetry. Phys. Med. Biol (1997) 42:2053–2063.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  86. Chen G. T. Dose volume histograms in treatment planning. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1988) 14:1319–1320.[ISI][Medline]

  87. Chen G. T., Singh R. P., Castro J. R., Lyman J. T., Quivey J. M. Treatment planning for heavy ion radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1979) 5:1809–1819.[ISI][Medline]

  88. Chen G. T. Y., Kung J. H., Beaudette K. P. Artifacts in computed tomography scanning of moving objects. Semin. Radiat. Oncol (2004) 14:19–26.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  89. Cheung T., Butson M. J., Yu P. K. N. Post-irradiation colouration of GafChromic EBT radiochromic film. Phys. Med. Biol. (2005) 50:N281–N285.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  90. Chiba T., Tokuuye K., Matsuzaki Y., Sugahara S., Chuganji Y., Kagei K., Shoda J., Hata M., Abei M., Igaki H., Tanaka N., Akine Y. Proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A retrospective review of 162 patients. Clin. Cancer. Res (2005) 11:3799–3805.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  91. Chu W. T. Ion beams for cancer treatment – a perspective. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res (1995) a B99:835–838.[CrossRef]

  92. Chu W. T. Radiation detectors. In: Ion Beams in Tumor Therapy—Linz U., ed. (1995) b. Weinheim, Germany: Chapman and Hall. 234–245.

  93. Chu W., McEvoy M., Nyman M., Renner T., Gonzales B., Singh R. P., Stradner R. Wobbler dosimetry for the biomedical program at the LBL BEVALAC. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci (1985) NS-32:3324–3326.[ISI]

  94. Chu W. T., Renner T. R., Ludewigt B. A. Dynamic beam delivery for three-dimensional conformal therapy. In: EULIMA Workshop on the Potential Value of Light Ion Beam Therapy, Nice, France—Chauvel P., Wambersie A., eds. (1989) Luxembourg: Commission of the European Communities. 295–328. EUR 12165 EN.

  95. Chu W. T., Ludewigt B. A., Renner T. R. Instrumentation for treatment of cancer using proton and light-ion beams. Rev. Sci. Instrum (1993) 64:2055–2122.[CrossRef][ISI]

  96. Ciesielski B., Wielopolski L. The effects of dose and radiation quality on the shape and power saturation of the EPR signal in alanine. Radiat. Res (1994) 140:105–111.[ISI][Medline]

  97. Cirio R., Garelli E., Schulte R., Amerio S., Boriano A., Bourhaleb F., Coutrakon G., Donetti M., Giordanengo S., Koss P., Madon E., Marchetto F., Nastasi U., Peroni C., Santuari D., Sardo A., Scielzo G., Stasi M., Trevisiol E. Two-dimensional and quasi-three-dimensional dosimetry of hadron and photon beams with the Magic Cube and the Pixel Ionization Chamber. Phys. Med. Biol. (2004) 49:3713–3724.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  98. Cole F., Livdahl P. V., Mills F., Teng L. Design and application of a proton therapy accelerator. In: Proc. 1987 IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference—Lindstrom E. R., Taylor L. S., eds. (1987) Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press. 1985–1987.

  99. Constable I. J., Goitein M., Koehler A. M., Schmidt R. A. Small-field irradiation of monkey eyes with protons and photons. Radiat. Res (1976) 65:304–314.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  100. Constantinou C., Harrington J. C., DeWerd L. A. An electron density calibration phantom for CT-based treatment planning computers. Med. Phys (1992) 19:325–327.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  101. Coray A., Pedroni E., Boehringer T., Lin S., Lomax A., Goitein G. Dosimetry with the scanned proton beam on the Paul Scherrer Institute gantry. In: Proc. Int. Symp. on Standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimetry (2002) Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 295–302. IAEA-CN-96.

  102. Courant E. D., Livingston M. S., Snyder H. S. The strong-focusing synchrotron–a new high energy accelerator. Phys. Rev. (1952) 88:1190–1196.[CrossRef][ISI]

  103. Courdi A., Brassart N., Herault J., Chauvel P. The depth-dependent radiation response of human melanoma cells exposed to 65 MeV protons. Br. J. Radiol. (1994) 67:800–804.[Abstract]

  104. Coutrakon G., Miller D., Wong J., Gere L., Binns R. Characterization of the Loma Linda proton beam using a plastic scintillator and CCD camera readout. Med. Phys (1990) 17:543. (Abstract).

  105. Coutrakon G., Miller D., Kross B. J., Anderson D. F., DeLuca P. M. Jr., Siebers J. A beam intensity monitor for the Loma Linda cancer therapy proton accelerator. Med. Phys (1991) a 18:817–820.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  106. Coutrakon G., Bauman M., Lesyna D., Miller D., Nusbaum J., Slater J., Johanning J., Miranda J., DeLuca P. M. Jr., Siebers J., Ludewigt B. A prototype beam delivery system for the proton medical accelerator at Loma Linda. Med. Phys (1991) b 18:1093–1099.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  107. Coutrakon G., Hubbard J., Johanning J., Maudsley G., Slaton T., Morton P. A performance study of the Loma Linda proton medical accelerator. Med. Phys (1994) 21:1691–1701.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  108. Coutrakon G., Cortese J., Ghebremedhin A., Hubbard J., Johanning J., Koss P., Maudsley G., Slater C. R., Zuccarelli C. Microdosimetry spectra of the Loma Linda proton beam and relative biological effectiveness comparisons. Med. Phys (1997) 24:1499–1506.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  109. Cox R., Thacker J., Goodhead D. T., Munson R. J. Mutation and inactivation of mammalian cells by various ionising radiations. Nature (1977) 267:425–427.[CrossRef][Medline]

  110. Crook J. M., Raymond Y., Salhani D., Yang H., Esche B. Prostate motion during standard radiotherapy as assessed by fiducial markers. Radiother. Oncol (1995) 37:35–42.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  111. Cumming J. B. Monitor reactions for high energy proton beams. Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci (1963) 13:261–286.[Medline]

  112. Cuttone G., Raffaele L., Barone Tonghi L., Rovelli A., Sabini M. G., Egger E., Kacperek A., Brai M., Bartolotta A., Teri G., Onori S., Fattibene P. First dosimetry intercomparison results for the CATANA Project. Phys. Med (1999) XV:121–130.

  113. Daftari I., Castenadas C., Petti P. L., Singh R. P., Verhey L. J. An application of GafChromic MD-55 film for 67.5 MeV clinical proton beam dosimetry. Phys. Med. Biol (1999) 44:2735–2745.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  114. Dantzig G. B. Linear Programming and Extensions (1963) Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

  115. Daures J., Chauvenet B., Ostrowski A. State-of the-art of calorimetry at LPRI. In: Proc. NPL Calorimetry Workshop (1994) Teddington, UK: National Physical Laboratory.

  116. De Angelis C., Onori S., Pacilio M., Cirrone G. A. P., Cuttone G., Raffaele L., Bucciolini M., Mazzocchi S. An investigation of the operating characteristics of two PTW diamond detectors in photon and electron beams. Med. Phys (2002) 29:248–254.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  117. Debus J., Schulz-Ertner D., Schad L., Essig M., Rhein B., Thillmann C. O., Wannenmacher M. Stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (2000) 47:591–596.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  118. de Kock E. A. The robot-based patient positioning system for high precision radiotherapy at iThemba LABS. (2002) Particles 32, Abstracts of the 37th Proton Therapy Co-Operative Group Meeting: Cape Town, South Africa.

  119. Deasy J. O., Chao K. S. C., Markman J. Uncertainties in model-based outcome predictions for treatment planning. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (2001) 51:1389–1399.[ISI][Medline]

  120. Delacroix S., Bridier A., Mazal A., Daures J., Ostrowsky A., Nauraye C., Kacperek A., Vynckier S., Brassard N., Habrand J. L. Proton dosimetry comparison involving ionometry and calorimetry. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1997) 37:711–718.[ISI][Medline]

  121. Dendale R., Lumbroso-Le Rouic L., Noel G., Feuvret L., Levy C., Delacroix S., Meyer A., Nauraye C., Mazal A., Mammar H., Garcia P., D'Hermies F., Frau E., Plancher C., Asselain B., Schlienger P., Mazeron J. J., Desjardins L. Proton beam radiotherapy for uveal melanoma: Results of Curie Institut-Orsay Proton Therapy Center (ICPO). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2006) 65:780–787.[ISI][Medline]

  122. Dieckmann K., Georg D., Bogner J., Zehetmayer M., Petersch B., Chorvat M., Weitmann H., Potter R. Optimizing linac-based stereotactic radiotherapy of uveal melanomas: 7 years clinical experience. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2006) 66:S47–S52.

  123. Dobler B., Bendl R. Precise modelling of the eye for proton therapy of intra-ocular tumours. Phys. Med. Biol (2002) 47:593–613.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  124. Domen S. R. Absorbed dose water calorimeter. Med. Phys (1980) 7:157–159.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  125. Domen S. R. Advances in calorimetry for radiation dosimetry. In: The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation, Vol. II—Kase K. R., Bjarngard B. E., Attix F. H., eds. (1987) Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 245–320.

  126. Domen S. R. A sealed water calorimeter for measuring absorbed dose. J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol (1994) 99:121–141.

  127. Domen S. R., Lamperti P. J. A heat-loss compensated calorimeter: Theory, design, and performance. J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand (1974) 78A:595–610.

  128. Drzymala R. E., Mohan R., Brewster L., Chu J., Goitein M., Harms W., Urie M. Dose-volume histograms. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1991) 21:71–78.[ISI][Medline]

  129. Dudley R. A. Dosimetry with photographic emulsions. In: Radiation Dosimetry, Vol. II—Attix F. H., Roesch W. C., eds. (1966) New York: Academic Press. 325–387.

  130. DuSautoy A. R. The UK primary standard calorimeter for photon-beam absorbed dose measurement. Phys. Med. Biol (1996) 41:151.

  131. Ebert P. J., Hardy K. A., Cadena J. D. G. Energy dependence of free radical production in alanine. Radiat. Res. (1965) 26:178–197.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  132. Egger E., Schalenbourg A., Zografos L., Bercher L., Boehringer T., Chamot L., Goitein G. Maximizing local tumor control and survival after proton beam radiotherapy of uveal melanoma. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (2001) 51:138–147.[ISI][Medline]

  133. Enghardt W., Debus J., Haberer T., Hasch B. G., Hinz R., Jäkel O., Krämer M., Lauckner K., Pawelke J., Pönisch F. Positron emission tomography for quality assurance of cancer therapy with light ion beams. Nucl. Phys. (1999) A654:1047c–1050c.[CrossRef]

  134. Enghardt W., Crespo P., Fiedler F., Hinz R., Parodi K., Pawelke J., Pönisch F. Charged hadron tumour therapy monitoring by means of PET. Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res (2004) A525:284–288.[CrossRef]

  135. Falkmer S., Fors B., Larsson B., Lindell A., Naeslund J., Stenson S. Pilot study on proton irradiation of human carcinoma. Acta Radiol (1962) 58:33–51.[ISI][Medline]

  136. Fattibene P., Calicchia A., d'Errico F., De Angelis C., Egger E., Onori S. Preliminary assessment of LiF and alanine detectors for the dosimetry of proton therapy beams. Radiat. Prot. Dosim (1996) 66:305–309.[Abstract]

  137. Fidanzio A., Azario L., De Angelis C., Pacilio M., Onori S., Piermattei A. Radiochromic film dosimetry for a 62 MeV clinical proton beam. Phys. Med (2002) V111:15–23.

  138. Field S. B. Early and late normal tissue damage after fast neutrons. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1977) 3:203–210.[ISI][Medline]

  139. Fitzek M. M., Thornton A. F., Rabinov J. D., Lev M. H., Pardo F. S., Munzenrider J. E., Okunieff P., Bussiere M., Braun I., Hochberg F. H., Hedley-Whyte E. T., Liebsch N. J., Harsh G. R. Accelerated fractionated proton/photon irradiation to 90 cobalt gray equivalent for glioblastoma multiforme: results of a phase II prospective trial. J. Neurosurg (1999) 91:251–260.[ISI][Medline]

  140. Fleming D. M., Glass W. A. Endothermic processes in tissue-equivalent plastic. Radiat. Res (1969) 37:316–322.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  141. Fogliata A., Bolsi A., Cozzi L. Critical appraisal of treatment techniques based on conventional photon beams, intensity modulated photon beams and proton beams for therapy of intact breast. Radiother. Oncol (2002) 62:137–145.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  142. Fong P. M., Keil D. C., Does M. D., Gore J. C. Polymer gels for magnetic resonance imaging of radiation dose distributions at normal room atmosphere. Phys. Med. Biol (2001) 46:3105–3113.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  143. Fontenot J. D., Newhauser W. D., Titt U. Design tools for proton therapy nozzles based on the double-scattering foil technique. Radiat. Prot. Dosim (2005) 116:211–215.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  144. Ford E. C., Mageras G. S., Yorke E., Ling C. C. Respiration-correlated spiral CT: A method of measuring respiratory-induced anatomic motion for radiation treatment planning. Med. Phys (2003) 30:88–97.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  145. Fowler J. F. Nuclear Particles in Cancer Treatment (1981) Bristol, UK: Adam Hilger Ltd.

  146. Fraass B., Doppke K., Hunt M., Kutcher G., Starkschall G., Stern R., Van Dyke J. American Association of Physicists in Medicine Radiation Therapy Committee, Task Group 53: Quality assurance for clinical radiotherapy treatment planning. Med. Phys (1998) 25:1773–1829.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  147. Fukumoto S., Endo K., Muto K., Akisada M., Kitagawa T., Inada T., Tsujii H., Maruhashi A., Hayakawa Y., Takada Y., Tada J. Tsukuba Medical Proton Synchrotron. In: Heavy Particle Therapy Workshop (PTCOG, EORTC, ECNEU) (1989) Villigen, Switzerland: Paul Scherrer Institute. 70. PSI Report No. 69.

  148. Fukumura A., Kanai T., Kanematsu N., Yusa K., Maruhashi A., Nohtomi A., Nishio T., Shimbo M., Akagi T., Yanou T., Fukuda S., Hasegawa T., Kusano Y., Masuda Y. Proton beam dosimetry: protocol and intercomparison in Japan. In: Proc. Int. Symp. on Standards and Codes of Practice in Medical Radiation Dosimetry (2002) Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 321–326. IAEA-CN-96.

  149. Gall K. P., Verhey L., Alonso J., Castro J., Collier J. M., Chu W., Daftari I., Goitein M., Kubo H., Ludewigt B., Munzenrider J., Petti P., Renner T., Rosenthal S., Smith A., Staples J., Suit H., Thornton A. State of the art? New proton medical facilities for the Massachusetts General Hospital and the University of California Davis Medical Center. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. (1993) a B79:881–884.[CrossRef]

  150. Gall K. P., Verhey L. J., Wagner M. Computer-assisted positioning of radiotherapy patients using implanted radiopaque fiducials. Med. Phys (1993) b 20:1153–1159.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  151. Gall K., Rosenthal S. K., Smith A. R. Proton dosimetry protocol comparisons. Kanai T., Takada E., eds. (1994) Proc. NIRS International Seminar on the Application of Heavy Ion Accelerators to Radiation Therapy of Cancer in Connection with XXI PTCOG Meeting: Chiba, Japan. National Institute of Radiological Sciences. 231–233. pp. 231–233 NIRS-M-103/HIMAC-008.

  152. Gastorf R., Humphries L., Rozenfeld M. Cylindrical chamber dimensions and the corresponding values of Awall and Ngas/(NxAion). Med. Phys (1986) 13:751–754.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  153. Geso M., Ackerly T., Patterson W. Improving radiochromic film's sensitivity by wrapping it with UV phosphor. Med. Phys (2004) 31:1014–1016.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  154. Glimelius B., Ask A., Bjelkengren G., Bjork-Eriksson T., Blomquist E., Johansson B., Karlsson M., Zackrisson B. Number of patients potentially eligible for proton therapy. Acta Oncol. (2005) 44:836–849.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  155. Goitein M. The measurement of tissue heterodensity to guide charged particle radiotherapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1977) 3:27–33.[ISI][Medline]

  156. Goitein M. Compensation for inhomogeneities in charged particle radiotherapy using computed tomography. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1978) a 4:499–508.[ISI][Medline]

  157. Goitein M. A technique for calculating the influence of thin inhomogeneities on charged particle beams. Med. Phys (1978) b 5:258–264.[CrossRef][Medline]

  158. Goitein M. Calculation of the uncertainty in the dose delivered in radiation therapy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1980) 244:1347–1350.[Abstract]

  159. Goitein M. Limitations of two-dimensional treatment planning programs. Med. Phys. (1982) a 9:580–586.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  160. Goitein M. Applications of computed tomography in radiotherapy treatment planning. In: Progress in Medical Radiation Physics, Vol. I,—Orton C. G., ed. (1982) b. New York: Plenum Press. 195–293.

  161. Goitein M. Non standard deviations. Med. Phys (1983) 10:709–711.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  162. Goitein M. Calculation of the uncertainty in the dose delivered in radiation therapy. Med. Phys (1985) 12:608–612.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  163. Goitein M. The comparison of treatment plans. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. (1992) 2:246–256.[CrossRef][Medline]

  164. Goitein M. Lessons to be learned from proton beam therapy. (1995) Proc. 5th Int. Meeting on Progress in Radio-Oncology (ICRO, OGRO 5): Salzburg, Austria. Bologna, Italy: Monduzzi Editore S. P. A. 667–672.

  165. Goitein M. The cell's-eye view: Assessing dose in four dimensions. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2005) 62:951–953.[ISI][Medline]

  166. Goitein M., Abrams M. Multi-dimensional treatment planning: I. Delineation of anatomy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1983) 9:777–787.[ISI][Medline]

  167. Goitein M., Chen G. T. Y. Beam scanning for heavy charged particle radiotherapy. Med. Phys (1983) 10:831–840.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  168. Goitein M., Miller T. Planning proton therapy of the eye. Med. Phys (1983) 10:275–283.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  169. Goitein M., Schultheiss T. E. Strategies for treating possible tumor extensions: Some theoretical considerations. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (1985) 11:1519–1528.[ISI][Medline]

  170. Goitein M., Gentry R., Koehler A. M. Energy of proton accelerator necessary for treatment of choroidal melanomas. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1983) a 9:259–260.[ISI][Medline]

  171. Goitein M., Abrams M., Rowell D., Pollari H., Wiles J. Multi-dimensional treatment planning: II. Beam's–eye view, back projection, and projection through CT sections. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1983) b 9:789–797.[ISI][Medline]

  172. Goitein M., Chen G. T. Y., Ting J. Y., Schneider R. J., Sisterson J. M. Measurements and calculations of the influence of thin inhomogeneities on charged particle beams. Med. Phys. (1978) 5:265–273.[CrossRef][Medline]

  173. Goitein M., Lomax A. J., Pedroni E. S. Treating cancer with protons. Phys. Today (2002) 55:45–51.[CrossRef]

  174. Goitein M., Suit H. D., Gragoudas E., Koehler A. M., Wilson R. Potential for low-LET charged-particle radiation therapy in cancer. Radiat. Res (1985) 104:S297–S309.[CrossRef][ISI]

  175. Gore J. C., Kang Y. S., Schulz R. J. Measurement of radiation dose distributions by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. Phys. Med. Biol. (1984) 29:1189–1197.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  176. Gottschalk B. Charge-balancing current integrator with large dynamic range. Nucl. Instrum. Methods (1983) 207:417–421.[CrossRef]

  177. Gottschalk B. On the characterization of spread-out Bragg peaks and the definition of ‘Depth’ and ‘Modulation’'. (2003) http://huhepl.harvard.edu/~gottschalk/BGdocs.zip/SOBP.pdf..

  178. Gottschalk B., Platais R., Paganetti H. Nuclear interactions of 160 MeV protons stopping in copper: A test of Monte Carlo nuclear models. Med. Phys (1999) 26:2597–2601.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  179. Graffman S. On the Evaluation of New Irradiation Modalities in Tumor Therapy: An Experimental and Clinical Study with Special Reference to High Energy Protons (1975) Sweden: Umeä University. Umeä University Medical Dissertations, New Series No. 1.

  180. Graffman S., Brahme A., Larsson B. Proton radiotherapy with the Uppsala cyclotron. Experience and plans. Strahlenther. (1985) 161:764–770.

  181. Gragoudas E. S., Goitein M., Koehler A. M., Verhey L., Tepper J., Suit H. D., Brockhurst R., Constable I. J. Proton irradiation of small choroidal malignant melanomas. Am. J. Opthalmol (1977) 83:665–673.[ISI][Medline]

  182. Gragoudas E. S., Goitein M., Verhey L., Suit H. D., Koehler A. M. Proton beam irradiation: An alternative to enucleation for intraocular melanomas. Opthalmol. (1980) 87:571–581.

  183. Gragoudas E. S., Lane A. M., Egan K. M., Li W. Long term risk of local failure after proton therapy for choroidal/ciliary body melanoma. Trans. Am. Ophthmol. Soc (2002) a 100:43–49.

  184. Gragoudas E., Li W., Goitein M., Lane A. M., Egan K. M. Evidence-based estimates of outcome in patients irradiated for intraocular melanoma. Arch. Ophthalmol (2002) b 120:1665–1671.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

  185. Grégoire V., Coche E., Cosnard G., Hamoir M., Reychler H. Selection and delineation of lymph node target volumes in head and neck conformal radiotherapy. Proposal for standardizing terminology and procedure based on the surgical experience. Radiother. Oncol (2000) 56:135–150.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  186. Grégoire V., Pötter R., Wambersie A. General principles for prescribing, recording and reporting a therapeutic irradiation. Radiother. Oncol (2004) 73(Suppl. 2):S57–S61.[Medline]

  187. Grusell E., Medin J. General characteristics of the use of silicon diode detectors for clinical dosimetry in proton beams. Phys. Med. Biol (2000) 45:2573–2582.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  188. Grusell E., Montelius A., Brahme A., Rikner G., Russell K. A general solution to charged particle beam flattening using an optimized dual-scattering-foil technique, with application to proton therapy beams. Phys. Med. Biol (1994) 39:2201–2216.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  189. Grusell E., Isacsson U., Montelius A., Medin J. Faraday cup dosimetry in a proton beam without collimation. Phys. Med. Biol (1995) 40:1831–1840.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  190. Guerra A. S., Laitano R. F., Pimpinella M. Characteristics of the absorbed dose to water standard at ENEA. Phys. Med. Biol (1996) 41:657–674.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  191. Gueulette J., Grégoire V., Octave-Prignot M., Wambersie A. Measurements of radiobiological effectiveness in the 85 MeV proton beam produced at the cyclotron CYCLONE of Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium. Radiat. Res (1996) 145:70–74.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  192. Gueulette J., Böhm L., Slabbert J. P., De Coster B. M., Rutherfoord G. S., Ruifrok A., Octave-Prignot M., Binns P. J., Schreuder A. N., Symons J. E., Scalliet P., Jones D. T. L. Proton relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for survival in mice after thoracic irradiation with fractionated doses. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (2000) 47:1051–1058.[ISI][Medline]

  193. Gueulette J., Octave-Prignot M., De Coster B-M., Wambersie A., Grégoire V. Intestinal crypt cell regeneration in mice: a biological system for quality assurance in non-conventional radiation therapy. Radiother. Oncol. (2004) 73(Suppl. 2):148–154.

  194. Gueulette J., Blattmann H., Pedroni E., Coray A., De Coster B. M., Mahy P., Wambersie A., Goitein G. Relative biologic effectiveness determination in mouse intestine for scanning proton beam at Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland. Influence of motion. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2005) 62:838–845.[ISI][Medline]

  195. Gulbrandsen T., Madsen C. B. Radiation dosimetry by means of semiconductor. Acta Radiol (1962) 58:226–232.[ISI][Medline]

  196. Guo P. Y., Adamovics J. A., Oldham M. Characterization of a new radiochromic three-dimensional dosimeter. Med. Phys (2006) 33:1338–1345.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  197. Guru Prasad S., Parthasaradhi K., Bloomer W. D. Effective atomic numbers of composite materials for total and partial interaction processes for photons, electrons, and protons. Med. Phys (1997) 24:883–885.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  198. Gustavsson H., Bäck S. Å. J., Medin J., Grusell E., Olsson L. E. Linear energy transfer dependence of a normoxic polymer gel dosimeter investigated using proton beam absorbed dose measurements. Phys. Med. Biol. (2004) 49:3847–3855.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  199. Haberer T., Becher W., Schardt D., Kraft G. Magnetic scanning system for heavy ion therapy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res (1993) A330:296–305.[CrossRef]

  200. Hall E. J. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy, protons, and the risk of second cancers. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2006) 65:1–7.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  201. Hamm R. W., Crandall K. R., Potter J. Preliminary design of a dedicated proton therapy linac. Lizama L., Chew J., eds. (1991) IEEE Particle Accelerator Conference: Accelerator Science and Technology: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press. 2583.

  202. Hanley J., Debois M. M., Mah D., Mageras G. S., Raben A., Rosenzweig K., Mychalczak B., Schwartz L. H., Gloeggler P. J., Lutz W., Ling C. C., Leibel S. A., Fuks Z., Kutcher G. J. Deep inspiration breath-hold technique for lung tumors: The potential value of target immobilization and reduced lung density in dose escalation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (1999) 45:603–611.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  203. Hansen J. W., Olsen K. J. Theoretical and experimental radiation effectiveness of the free radical dosimeter alanine to irradiation with heavy charged particles. Radiat. Res. (1985) 104:15–27.[CrossRef][ISI]

  204. Hansen J. W., Olsen K. J. Predicting decay in free-radical concentration in L-{alpha}-alanine following high-LET radiation exposure. Appl. Radiat. Isot (1989) 40:935–939.[ISI]

  205. Hashemian R., Foster C. C., Murray K. M., Landolt R. L., Shaw S. M., Bloch C. Measurement of W/e for protons in air. (2003) 39th Meeting of the Particle Therapy Co-Operative Group: San Francisco, CA.

  206. Harsh G. R., Thornton A. F., Chapman P. H., Bussière M. R., Rabinov J. D., Loeffler J. S. Proton beam stereotactic radiosurgery of vestibular schwannomas. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (2002) 54:35–44.[ISI][Medline]

  207. Hayakawa Y., Schechtman H. Comments on the value of the average energy per ion pair formed in air for a proton beam recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. Med. Phys (1988) 15:778.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  208. Hazle J. D., Hefner L., Nyerick C. E., Wilson L., Boyer A. L. Dose-response characteristics of a ferrous-sulfate-doped gelatin system for determining radiation absorbed dose distribution by magnetic resonance imaging (Fe MRI). Phys. Med. Biol. (1991) 36:1117–1125.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  209. Heese J., Kluge H., Fuchs H., Heufelder J., Cordinil D., Morgenstern H., Nausner M., Bechrakis M., Hinkelbein J., Foerster M. H. The proton facility at HMI. (2002) Particles 32, Abstracts of the 37th Proton Therapy Co-Operative Group Meeting: Cape Town.

  210. Hilts M., Jirasek A., Audet C., Duzenli C. X-ray CT polymer gel dosimetry: Applications in stereotactic radiosurgery and proton therapy. Radiother. Oncol. (2000) 56(Suppl. 1):S80. (Abstract).

  211. Hiraoka T., Omata K., Fukumura A., Takeshita M. Dosimetry of particle beams with different walled ionization chambers. Med. Phys (1997) 24:1051. (Abstract).

  212. Hiramoto K., Nishi M. Resonant beam extraction scheme with constant separatrix. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res (1992) A322:154–160.[CrossRef]

  213. Hishikawa Y., Kagawa K., Murakami M., Sakai H., Akagi T., Abe M. Usefulness of positron-emission tomographic images after proton therapy. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2002) 53:1388–1391.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  214. Hohlfield K. The standard DIN 6800: Procedures for absorbed dose determination in radiology by the ionization method. In: Dosimetry in Radiotherapy (1988) Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 13–22. pp. 13–22 IAEA-SM-298/31.

  215. Hong L., Goitein M., Bucciolini M., Comiskey R., Gottschalk B., Rosenthal S., Serago C., Urie M. A pencil beam algorithm for proton dose calculations. Phys. Med. Biol (1996) 41:1305–1330.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  216. Hong T. S., Ritter M. A., Tome W. A., Harari P. M. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy: Emerging cancer treatment technology. Br. J. Cancer (2005) 92:1819–1824.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  217. Hoppe B. S., Stegman L. D., Zelefsky M. J., Rosenzweig K. E., Wolden S. L., Patel S. G., Shah J. P., Kraus D. H., Lee N. Y. Treatment of nasal cavity and paranasal sinus cancer with modern radiotherapy techniques in the postoperative setting: the MSKCC experience. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2007) 67:691–702.[ISI][Medline]

  218. Hoyer M., Roed H., Hansen A. T., Ohlhuis L., Petersen J., Nellemann H., Berthelsen A. K., Grau C., Engelholm S. A., von der Masse H. Prospective study on stereotactic radiotherapy of limited-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. (2006) 66:S128–S135.

  219. Hsiung-Stripp D. C., McDonough J., Masters H. M., Levin W. P., Hahn S. M., Jones H. A., Metz J. M. Comparative treatment planning between proton and x-ray therapy in pancreatic cancer. Med. Dosim (2001) 26:255–259.[CrossRef][Medline]

  220. Hug E. B., Fitzek M. M., Liebsch N. J., Munzenrider J. E. Locally challenging osteo- and chondrogenic tumors of the axial skeleton: Results of combined proton and photon radiation therapy using three-dimensional treatment planning. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys (1995) 31:467–476.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  221. IAEA. International Atomic Energy Agency. In: Absorbed Dose Determination in Photon and Electron Beams: An International Code of Practice (1997) a 2nd edn. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. Technical Report Series No. 277.

  222. IAEA. International Atomic Energy Agency. In: The Use of Plane Parallel Ionization Chambers in High Energy Electron and Photon Beams: An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry (1997) b. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. Technical Reports Series No. 381.

  223. IAEA. International Atomic Energy Agency. In: Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy. An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry Based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water (2000) Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. Technical Reports Series No. 398 Revised and updated version (V.11b, 23 April, 2004): http://wwwnaweb.iaea.org/nahu/dmrp/pdf_files/COPV11b.pdf.

  224. IAEA. International Atomic Energy Agency. In: Commissioning and Quality Assurance of Computerized Planning Systems for Radiation Treatment of Cancer (2004) Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. Technical Reports Series No. 430.

  225. ICRP. International Commission on Radiological Protection. In: 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (1991) Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B. V. 1–3. ICRP Publication 60, Anns. ICRP 21.

  226. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Determination of Absorbed Dose in a Patient Irradiated by Beams of X or Gamma Rays in Radiotherapy Procedures (1976) Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 24.

  227. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Neutron Dosimetry for Biology and Medicine (1977) Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 26.

  228. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: An International Neutron Dosimetry Intercomparison (1978) Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 27.

  229. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Average Energy Required to Produce an Ion Pair (1979) Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 31.

  230. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons (1984) Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 37.

  231. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Clinical Neutron Dosimetry Part 1: Determination of Absorbed Dose in a Patient Treated by External Beams of Fast Neutrons (1989) Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 45.

  232. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Stopping Powers and Ranges for Protons and Alpha Particles (1993) b. Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 49.

  233. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (1993) b. Washington: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 50.

  234. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Clinical Proton Dosimetry Part 1: Beam Production, Beam Delivery and Measurement of Absorbed Dose (1998) Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 59.

  235. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (Supplement to ICRU Report 50) (1999) Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 62.

  236. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Nuclear Data for Neutron and Proton Radiotherapy and for Radiation Protection (2000) Bethesda, MD: International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 63.

  237. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Dosimetry of High-Energy Photon Beams Based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water (2001) Ashford, UK: Nuclear Technology Publishing. ICRU Report 64.

  238. ICRU. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. In: Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Electron Beam Therapy (2004) Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ICRU Report 71, J. ICRU 4(1).

  239. ISO. International Organization for Standardization. In: Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1995) 2nd edn. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization. Published by ISO in the name of BIPM, IEC, IFCC, IUPAC, IUPAP and OIML.

  240. iTL. iThemba Laboratory for Accelerator-Based Sciences. In: The Quality Control Programme for the iThemba LABS Proton Therapy Facility (2001) Somerset West, South Africa: iThemba LABS. Internal Report.

  241. Jaffray D. A. X-ray-guided IMRT. In: Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy: The State of the Art—Palta J. R., Mackie T. R., eds. (2003) Madison, WI: Medical Physics Publishing.

  242. JASTRO. Japanese Association of Therapeutical Radiation Oncology. Guidelines of Physical and Technological Quality Assurance for Particle Beam Therapy (2004).

  243. Jesse W. P., Sadauskis J. Alpha-particle ionization in mixtures of the noble gases. Phys. Rev (1952) 88:417–418.[CrossRef][ISI]

  244. Jesse W. P., Sadauskis J. Alpha-particle ionization in pure gases and the average energy to make an ion pair. Phys. Rev (1953) 90:1120–1121.[CrossRef][ISI]

  245. Jiang H., Paganetti H. Adaptation of GEANT4 to Monte Carlo dose calculations based on CT data. Med. Phys (2004) 31:2811–2818.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  246. Jiang H., Wang B., Xu X. G., Suit H. D., Paganetti H. Simulation of organ-specific patient effective dose due to secondary neutrons in proton radiation treatment. Phys. Med. Biol (2005) 50:4337–4353.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  247. Jirasek A., Duzenli C. Relative effectiveness of polyacrylamide gel dosimeters applied to proton beams: Fourier transform Raman observations and track structure calculations. Med. Phys (2002) 29:569–577.[CrossRef][ISI][Medline]

  248. Jones A. Z., Bloch C. D., Hall E. R., Hashemian R., Klein S. B., von Przewoski B., Murray K. M., Foster C. C. Comparison of Indiana University Cyclotron Facility Faraday cup proton dosimetry with radiochromic films, a calorimeter, and a calibrated ion chamber. IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci (1999) 46:1762–1765.[CrossRef][ISI]

  249. Jones D. T. L. The NAC particle therapy facilities. In: Ion Beams in Tumor Therapy—Linz U., ed. (1995) Weinheim, Germany: Chapman and Hall. 350–359.

  250. Jones D. T. L. Proton dosimetry intercomparison performed at the NAC. In: National Accelerator Centre Annual Report, March (1996) Faure, South Africa: National Accelerator Centre. 116.

  251. Jones D. T. L. Present status and future trends of heavy particle therapy. In: Proc. 15th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and their Applications—Baron E., Lieuvin M., eds. (1999) Bristol, UK: Institute of Physics Publishing. 13–20.

  252. Jones D. T. L. Overview of hadron therapy: rationales, present status and future prospects. Radiochim. Acta (2001) a 89:235–244.[CrossRef]

  253. Jones D. T. L. Fast neutron and proton therapy sources. Radiochim. Acta (2001) b 89:265–277.[CrossRef]

  254. Jones D. T. L. Proton therapy: the promise of precision. Bull. Int. Radiat. Phys. Soc (2001) c 15((3/4)):4–13.

  255. Jones D. T. L. Reference dosimetry for fast neutron and proton therapy. Radiochim. Acta (2001) d 89:279–287.[CrossRef]

  256. Jones D. T. L. The w-value in air for proton therapy beams. Radiat. Phys. Chem. (2006) 75:541–550.[CrossRef]

  257. Jones D. T. L., Schreuder A. N. Magnetically scanned proton therapy beams: rationales and principles. Radiat. Phys. Chem (2001) 61:615–618.[CrossRef]

  258. Jones D. T. L., Kacperek A., Vynckier S., Mazal A., Delacroix S., Nauraye C. A European proton dosimetry intercomparison. In: National Accelerator Centre Annual Report (1992) Faure, South Africa: National Accelerator Centre. 61. 63. NAC/AR/92–01.

  259. Jones D. T. L., Schreuder A. N., Symons J. E., Vynckier S., Hayakawa Y., Maruhashi A. Proton dosimetry intercomparison at NAC. In: National Accelerator Centre Annual Report (1994) b. Faure, South Africa: National Accelerator Centre. 94–95. NAC/AR/94–01.

  260. Jones D. T. L., Schreuder A. N., Symons J. E., Vynckier S., Kacperek A., Mazal A., Delacroix S., Nauraye C., Bridier A., Wagner M., Beatty J., Gall K., Hayakawa Y. National Accelerator Centre: proton dosimetry protocol intercomparisons. In: Proc. NIRS International Seminar on the Application of Heavy Ion Accelerator to Radiation Therapy of Cancer in Connection with XXI PTCOG Meeting—Kanai T., Takada E., eds. (1994) b. Chiba, Japan: National Institute of Radiological Sciences. 230. NIRS-M-103/HIMAC-008.

  261. Jones D. T. L., Schreuder A. N., Symons J. E. Use of stereophotogrammetry in proton radiation therapy. In: Proc. Int. Symp. on Photogrammetry in Engineering Surveying—Rüther H., ed. (1995) South Africa: University of Cape Town. 138&#